Diabetes, type 1 / Juvenile diabetes

Summary

Type 1 diabetes – Diabetes means your blood glucose, or blood sugar, levels are too high. With type 1 diabetes, your pancreas does not make insulin. Insulin is a hormone that helps glucose get into your cells to give them energy. Without insulin, too much glucose stays in your blood. Over time, high blood glucose can lead to serious problems with your heart, eyes, kidneys, nerves, and gums and teeth. Type 1 diabetes happens most often in children and young adults but can appear at any age. Symptoms may include, being very thirsty, urinating often, feeling very hungry or tired, losing weight without trying, having sores that heal slowly, having dry, itchy skin, losing the feeling in your feet or having tingling in your feet, and having blurry eyesight. A blood test can show if you have diabetes. If you do, you will need to take insulin for the rest of your life.

(Autoimmune Association, 2022)

Symptoms

Type 1 diabetes symptoms can appear suddenly and may include:

• Feeling more thirsty than usual

• Urinating a lot

• Bed-wetting in children who have never wet the bed during the night

• Feeling very hungry

• Losing weight without trying

• Feeling irritable or having other mood changes

• Feeling tired and weak

• Having blurry vision

(Autoimmune Association, 2022)

Diagnostic Criteria

Under Investigation

Study Classification Criteria

Under Investigation

Diagnostic Tests

Under Investigation

Organized Autoimmunity

(Alternative Autoimmune Disease Classification: FIEM, MIEM or BIEM, or FEM, MEM or BEM)

1. sex predominance (is an autoimmune disease primarily found in genetic Females, Males, or equally in Both?)

   1. Under Investigation

2. Inherited and acquired gene variations that cause increased susceptibility

   1. Human Leukocyte Antigen (HLA) Associations

      1. “Numerous reports evaluating genetic factors in the development of T1D confirm that HLA-DQ2 and HLA-DQ8 haplotypes strongly predispose to the disease.” (Niegowska et. al, 2016)

   2. Other Gene Variations (mutations)

      1. Variations (mutations) in the protein tyrosine phosphatase non-receptor type 22 (PTPN22) gene (National Institutes of Health, 2022)

      2. Variation (mutations) in islet cell autoantigen 1 (ICA1) (National Institutes of Health, 2022) in insulin-dependent diabetes

      3. Variations (mutations) in islet cell auto antigen 69 (ICA69) (National Institutes of Health, 2022)

3. Gene Triggering Environmental Exposures

   1. Infections

      1. Mycobacterium avium subspecies paratuberculosis (Niegowska et. al, 2016)

      2. COVID-19 (Chang et. al, 2023, found a significantly higher risk of Type 1 diabetes following COVID-19 infection in a study of 3,814,479 participants)

   2. Toxins

      1. Under Investigation

   3. Stress

      1. Needs to be assessed for each patient

4. Multiple interactive and destructive immune system pathologies

   1. Under Investigation

Tissue-Type or Cell-Type Attacked

Under Investigation

Treatment(s)

Under Investigation

Managing Specialist(s)

Under Investigation

Research Authors

Under Investigation

Research Institutions

Under Investigation

Average Time from Symptom Onset to Diagnosis

Under Investigation

Last Updated

September 05, 2023

References

Chang R, Yen-Ting Chen T, Wang SI, Hung YM, Chen HY, Wei CJ. Risk of autoimmune diseases in patients with COVID-19: A retrospective cohort study. EClinicalMedicine. 2023 Feb;56:101783. doi: 10.1016/j.eclinm.2022.101783. Epub 2023 Jan 10. PMID: 36643619; PMCID: PMC9830133.

ICA1. National Institutes of Health, National Library of Medicine, National Center for Biotechnology Information. (2022, September 22). Retrieved December 04, 2022, from https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/3382

ICA69. National Institutes of Health, National Library of Medicine, National Center for Biotechnology Information. (2022, November 24). Retrieved December 05, 2022, from https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/40331

Niegowska M, Rapini N, Piccinini S, Mameli G, Caggiu E, Manca Bitti ML, Sechi LA. Type 1 Diabetes at-risk children highly recognize Mycobacterium avium subspecies paratuberculosis epitopes homologous to human Znt8 and Proinsulin. Sci Rep. 2016 Feb 29;6:22266. doi: 10.1038/srep22266. PMID: 26923214; PMCID: PMC4770295.

PTPN22. National Institutes of Health, National Library of Medicine, National Center for Biotechnology Information. (2022, November 07). Retrieved December 04, 2022, from https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/26191

Type 1 diabetes. Autoimmune Association. (2022, September 14). Retrieved December 04, 2022, from https://autoimmune.org/disease-information/type-1-diabetes/